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m4_include(stdlib.m4)  _HEADER(Mechanical Web Authoring - using _EM(m4) to write HTML.) _HEAD1(Contents:) _Start_TOC <HR><CENTER>This page last updated on m4_esyscmd(date) $Revision: 1.1.1.1 $</CENTER><HR> _H1(`Some limitations of HTML') It's amazing how easy it is to write simple HTML pages - and the availability of _EM(WYSIWYG) HTML editors like _EM(NETSCAPE GOLD) lulls one into a mood of _EM(`"don''`t worry, be happy"'). However, managing multiple, interrelated pages of HTML rapidly gets very, very difficult. I recently had a slightly complex set of pages to put together and it started me thinking - _EM(`"there has to be an easier way"'). I immediately turned to the WWW and looked up all sorts of tools - but quite honestly I was rather disappointed. Mostly, they were what I would call _EM(Typing Aids) - instead of having to remember arcane incantations like _CODE(<a href="link">text</a>), you are given a button or a magic keychord like ALT-CTRL-j which remembers the syntax and does all that nasty typing for you. _EM(Linux) to the rescue! HTML is built as ordinary text files and therefore the normal _EM(Linux) text management tools can be used. This includes the revision control tools such as _EM(RCS) and the text manipulation tools like _EM(`awk, perl, etc.') These offer significant help in version control and managing development by multiple users as well as in automating the process of extracting from a database and displaying the results (the classic _CODE(`"grep |sort |awk"') pipeline). The use of these tools with HTML is documented elsewhere, e.g. see Jim Weinrich's article in _EM(Linux Journal) Issue 36, April 1997, "Using Perl to Check Web Links" which I'd highly recommend as yet another way to really flex those _EM(Linux) muscles when writing HTML. What I will cover here is a little work I've done recently with using _EM(m4) in maintaining HTML. The ideas can probably be extended to the more general SGML case very easily. _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H1(`Using _EM(m4)') I decided to use _EM(m4) after looking at various other pre-processors including _EM(cpp), the _EM(C) front-end. While _EM(cpp) is perhaps a little too _EM(C)-specific to be very useful with HTML, _EM(m4) is a very generic and clean macro expansion program - and it's available under most Unices including _EM(Linux). Instead of editing _EM(*.html) files, I create _EM(*.m4) files with my favourite text editor. These look something like this: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_include(stdlib.m4) _HEADER(`This is my header') This is some plain text _HEAD1(`This is a main heading') This is some more plain text _TRAILER'') The `format' is simple - just HTML code but you can now `include' files and add macros rather like in _EM(C). I use a convention that my new macros are in capitals and start with "_" to make them stand out from HTML language and to avoid name-space collisions. The _EM(m4) file is then processed as follows to create an _EM(.html) file e.g. _CODEQUOTE(m4 -P <file.m4 >file.html) This is especially easy if you create a "makefile" to automate this in the usual way. Something like: _CODEQUOTE(.SUFFIXES: .m4 .html .m4.html: m4 -P $*.m4 >$*.html default: index.html *.html: stdlib.m4 all: default PROJECT1 PROJECT2 PROJECT1: (cd project2; make all) PROJECT2: (cd project2; make all)) The most useful commands in _EM(m4) include the following which are very similar to the _EM(cpp) equivalents (shown in brackets): <DL> <DT>_CODE(``m4_include''): <DD>includes a common file into your HTML (_CODE(`#include')) <DT>_CODE(``m4_define''): <DD>defines an _EM(m4) variable (_CODE(`#define')) <DT>_CODE(``m4_ifdef''): <DD>a conditional (_CODE(`#ifdef')) </DL> Some other commands which are useful are: <DL> <DT>_CODE(``m4_changecom''): <DD>change the _EM(m4) comment character (normally #) <DT>_CODE(``m4_debugmode''): <DD>control error disgnostics <DT>_CODE(``m4_traceon/off''): <DD>turn tracing on and off <DT>_CODE(``m4_dnl''): <DD>comment <DT>_CODE(``m4_incr, m4_decr''): <DD>simple arithmetic <DT>_CODE(``m4_eval''): <DD>more general arithmetic <DT>_CODE(``m4_esyscmd''): <DD>execute a _EM(Linux) command and use the output <DT>_CODE(``m4_divert(i)''): <DD>This is a little complicated, so skip on first reading. It is a way of storing text for output at the end of normal processing - it will come in useful later, when we get to automatic numbering of headings. It sends output from _EM(m4) to a temporary file number _EM(i). At the end of processing, any text which was diverted is then output, in the order of the file number _EM(i). File number -1 is the bit bucket and can be used to comment out chunks of comments. File number 0 is the normal output stream. Thus, for example, you can _CODE(``m4_divert'') text to file 1 and it will only be output at the end. </DL> _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H1(`Examples of _EM(m4) macros') _H2(`Sharing HTML elements across several page') In many "nests" of HTML pages, each page shares elements such as a button bar like this: <BLOCKQUOTE>_LINK(nil,[Home]) _LINK(nil,[Next]) _LINK(nil,[Prev]) _LINK(nil,[Index])</BLOCKQUOTE> This is fairly easy to create in each page - the trouble is that if you make a change in the "standard" button-bar then you then have the tedious job of finding each occurance of it in every file and then manually make the changes. With _EM(m4) we can more easily do this by putting the shared elements into an _CODE(m4_include) statement, just like _EM(C). While I'm at it, I might as well also automate the naming of pages, perhaps by putting the following into an `include' file, say _CODE("button_bar.m4"): _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(`_BUTTON_BAR', <a href="homepage.html">[Home]</a> <a href="$1">[Next]</a> <a href="$2">[Prev]</a> <a href="indexpage.html">[Index]</a>)'') and then in the document itself: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_include button_bar.m4 _BUTTON_BAR(`page_after_this.html', `page_before_this.html')'') The $1 and $2 parameters in the macro definition are replaced by the strings in the macro call. _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H2(`Managing HTML elements that often change') It is very troublesome to have items change in multiple HTML pages. For example, if your email address changes then you will need to change all references to the new address. Instead, with _EM(m4) you can do something like this in your _CODE(stdlib.m4) file: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(`_EMAIL_ADDRESS', `MyName@foo.bar.com')'') and then just put _CODE(``_EMAIL_ADDRESS'') in your _EM(m4) files. A more substantial example comes from building strings up with multiple components, any of which may change as the page is developed. If, like me, you develop on one machine, test out the page and then upload to another machine with a totally different address then you could use the _CODE(m4_ifdef) command in your _CODE(stdlib.m4) file (just like the _CODE(#ifdef) command in _EM(cpp)): _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(`_LOCAL') . . m4_define(`_HOMEPAGE', m4_ifdef(`_LOCAL', `//127.0.0.1/~YourAccount', `http://ISP.com/~YourAccount')) m4_define(`_PLUG', `<A REF="http://www.ssc.com/linux/"> <IMG SRC="_HOMEPAGE/gif/powered.gif" ALT="[Linux Information]"> </A>')'') Note the careful use of quotes to prevent the variable _CODE(``_LOCAL'') from being expanded. _CODE(``_HOMEPAGE'') takes on different values according to whether the variable _CODE(``_LOCAL'') is defined or not. This can then ripple through the entire project as you _EM(make) the pages. In this example, _CODE(``_PLUG'') is a macro to advertise _EM(Linux). When you are testing your pages, you use the local version of _CODE(``_HOMEPAGE''). When you are ready to upload, you can remove or comment out the _CODE(``_LOCAL'') definition like this: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_dnl m4_define(`_LOCAL')'') ... and then _EM(re-make). _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H2(`Creating new text styles') Styles built into HTML include things like _CODE() for emphasis and _CODE(<CITE>) for citations. With _EM(m4) you can define your own, new styles like this: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(`_MYQUOTE', <BLOCKQUOTE>$1</BLOCKQUOTE>)'') If, later, you decide you prefer _CODE() instead of _CODE() it is a simple matter to change the definition and then every _CODE(_MYQUOTE) paragraph falls into line with a quick _CODE(make). The classic guides to good HTML writing say things like "It is strongly recommended that you employ the logical styles such as _CODE(...) rather than the physical styles such as _CODE(...) in your documents." Curiously, the _EM(WYSIWYG) editors for HTML generate purely physical styles. Using these _EM(m4) styles may be a good way to keep on using logical styles. _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H2(`Typing and mnemonic aids') I don't depend on _EM(WYSIWYG) editing (having been brought up on _EM(troff)) but all the same I'm not averse to using help where it's available. There is a choice (and maybe it's a fine line) to be made between: _CODEQUOTE(<BLOCKQUOTE><PRE><CODE>Some code you want to display. </CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE>) and: _CODEQUOTE(``_CODE(Some code you want to display.)'') In this case, you would `define' _CODE(``_CODE'') like this: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(`_CODE', <BLOCKQUOTE><PRE><CODE>$1</CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE>)'') Which version you prefer is a matter of taste and convenience although the _EM(m4) macro certainly saves some typing and ensures that HTML codes are not interleaved. Another example I like to use (I can never remember the syntax for links) is: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(`_LINK', <a href="$1">$2</a>)'') Then, _CODE(<a href="URL_TO_SOMEWHERE">Click here to get to SOMEWHERE </a>) becomes: _CODE(``_LINK(`URL_TO_SOMEWHERE', `Click here to get to SOMEWHERE')'') _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H2(`Automatic numbering') _EM(m4) has a simple arithmetic facility with two operators _CODE(m4_incr) and _CODE(m4_decr) which act as you might expect - this can be used to create automatic numbering, perhaps for headings, e.g.: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(_CARDINAL,0) m4_define(_H, `m4_define(`_CARDINAL', m4_incr(_CARDINAL))<H2>_CARDINAL.0 $1</H2>') _H(First Heading) _H(Second Heading)'') This produces: _CODEQUOTE(``<H2>1.0 First Heading</H2> <H2>2.0 Second Heading</H2>'') _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H2(`Automatic date stamping') For simple, datestamping of HTML pages I use the _CODE(`m4_esyscmd') command to maintain an automatic timestamp on every page: _CODEQUOTE(``This page was updated on m4_esyscmd(date)'') which produces: This page was last updated on Fri May 9 10:35:03 HKT 1997 Of course, you could also use the date, revision and other facilities of revision control systems like _EM(RCS) or _EM(SCCS), e.g. _CODE(`$Da'`te$'). _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H2(`Generating Tables of Contents') Using _EM(m4) allows you to `define' commonly repeated phrases and use them consistently - I hate repeating myself because I am lazy and because I make mistakes, so I find this feature absolutely key. A good example of the power of _EM(m4) is in building a table of contents in a big page (like this one). This involves repeating the heading title in the table of contents and then in the text itself. This is tedious and error-prone especially when you change the titles. There are specialised tools for generating tables of contents from HTML pages but the simple facility provided by _EM(m4) is irresistable to me. _H3(`Simple to understand TOC') The following example is a fairly simple-minded Table of Contents generator. First, create some useful macros in _CODE(stdlib.m4): _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(`_LINK_TO_LABEL', <A HREF="#$1">$1</A>) m4_define(`_SECTION_HEADER', <A NAME="$1"><H2>$1</H2></A>)'') Then `define' all the section headings in a table at the start of the page body: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(`_DIFFICULTIES', `The difficulties of HTML') m4_define(`_USING_M4', `Using m4') m4_define(`_SHARING', `Sharing HTML Elements Across Several Pages')'') Then build the table: _CODEQUOTE(``<UL> <LI> _LINK_TO_LABEL(_DIFFICULTIES) <LI> _LINK_TO_LABEL(_USING_M4) <LI> _LINK_TO_LABEL(_SHARING) <UL>'') Finally, write the text: _CODEQUOTE(``. . _SECTION_HEADER(_DIFFICULTIES) . .'') The advantages of this approach are that if you change your headings you only need to change them in one place and the table of contents is automatically regenerated; also the links are guaranteed to work. Hopefully, that simple version was fairly easy to understand. _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H3(`Simple to use TOC') The Table of Contents generator that I normally use is a bit more complex and will require a little more study, but is much easier to use. It not only builds the Table, but it also automatically numbers the headings on the fly - up to 4 levels of numbering (e.g. section 3.2.1.3 - although this can be easily extended). It is very simple to use as follows: <OL> <LI>Where you want the table to appear, call _CODE(``Start_TOC'') <LI>at every heading use _CODE(``_H1(`Heading for level 1')'') or _CODE(``_H2(`Heading for level 2')'') as appropriate. <LI>After the very last HTML code (probably after </HTML>), call _CODE(``End_TOC'') <LI> and that's all! </OL> The code for these macros is a little complex, so hold your breath: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(_Start_TOC,`<UL>m4_divert(-1) m4_define(`_H1_num',0) m4_define(`_H2_num',0) m4_define(`_H3_num',0) m4_define(`_H4_num',0) m4_divert(1)') m4_define(_H1, `m4_divert(-1) m4_define(`_H1_num',m4_incr(_H1_num)) m4_define(`_H2_num',0) m4_define(`_H3_num',0) m4_define(`_H4_num',0) m4_define(`_TOC_label',`_H1_num. $1') m4_divert(0)<LI><A HREF="#_TOC_label">_TOC_label</A> m4_divert(1)<A NAME="_TOC_label"> <H2>_TOC_label</H2></A>') . . [definitions for _H2, _H3 and _H4 are similar and are in the downloadable version of stdlib.m4] . . m4_define(_End_TOC,`m4_divert(0)</UL>')'') This works by using the _CODE(``m4_divert(1)'') command in _CODE(``_Start_TOC'') to send all the remaining text from the file to an (internal) temporary file - _EM(m4) just calls it "file 1". From then on, whenever an _CODE(``_H1'') or _CODE(``_H2'') etc command is reached, the relevant header numbering variables are incremented (with _CODE(``m4_incr'')) and the Table of Contents entry is sent to the standard output (diverted to file 0) together with automatically generated pointers into the main text. The diversion to file 1 is then resumed for the regular text and an automatically generated section heading with pointer target is added. The _CODE(``_End_TOC'') statement _EM(must) be placed at the end of the file. When it is reached the text which was diverted to file 1 is read back to standard output. The net result is that the Table of Contents appears near the start of the final file, with automatically generated pointers to the correct section in the later text. Of course, if you plan on using the _CODE(``m4_divert'') command in your own text, you will have to check that it does not clash with the Table of Contents generator. _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H2(`Simple tables') Other than Tables of Contents, many browsers support tabular information. Here are some funky macros as a short cut to producing these tables. First, an example of their use: _CODEQUOTE(``<CENTER> _Start_Table(BORDER=5) _Table_Hdr(,Apples, Oranges, Lemons) _Table_Row(England,100,250,300) _Table_Row(France,200,500,100) _Table_Row(Germany,500,50,90) _Table_Row(Spain,,23,2444) _Table_Row(Denmark,,,20) _End_Table </CENTER>'') <CENTER> _Start_Table(BORDER=5) _Table_Hdr(,Apples, Oranges, Lemons) _Table_Row(England,100,250,300) _Table_Row(France,200,500,100) _Table_Row(Germany,500,50,90) _Table_Row(Spain,,23,2444) _Table_Row(Denmark,,,20) _End_Table </CENTER> ...and now the code. Note that this example utilises _EM(m4's) ability to recurse: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_dnl _Start_Table(Columns,TABLE parameters) m4_dnl defaults are BORDER=1 CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" m4_dnl WIDTH="n" pixels or "n%" of screen width m4_define(_Start_Table,`<TABLE $1>') m4_define(`_Table_Hdr_Item', `<th>$1</th> m4_ifelse($#,1,,`_Table_Hdr_Item(m4_shift($@))')') m4_define(`_Table_Row_Item', `<td>$1</td> m4_ifelse($#,1,,`_Table_Row_Item(m4_shift($@))')') m4_define(`_Table_Hdr',`<tr>_Table_Hdr_Item($@)</tr>') m4_define(`_Table_Row',`<tr>_Table_Row_Item($@)</tr>') m4_define(`_End_Table',</TABLE>)'') _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H1(`_EM(m4) gotchas') Unfortunately, _EM(m4) is not unremitting sweetness and light - it needs some taming and a little time spent on familiarisation will pay dividends. Definitive documentation is available (for example in _EM(emacs' info) documentation system) but, without being a complete tutorial, here are a few tips based on my fiddling about with the thing. m4_define(_GOTCHA,0) m4_define(`_GOTCHA', m4_incr(_GOTCHA)) _H2(`Gotcha _GOTCHA - quotes') m4_changequote([,])_EM(m4's) quotation characters are the _EM(grave) accent ` which starts the quote, and the _EM(acute) accent ' m4_changequote(`,')which ends it. It may help to put all arguments to macros in quotes, e.g. _CODEQUOTE(``_HEAD1(`This is a heading')'') The main reason for this is in case there are commas in an argument to a macro - _EM(m4) uses commas to separate macro parameters, e.g. _CODE(``_CODE(foo, bar)'') would print the _CODE(foo) but not the _CODE(bar). _CODE(``_CODE(`foo, bar')'') works properly. This becomes a little complicated when you nest macro calls as in the _EM(m4) source code for the examples in this paper - but that is rather an extreme case and normally you would not have to stoop to that level. _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) m4_define(`_GOTCHA', m4_incr(_GOTCHA)) _H2(`Gotcha _GOTCHA - Word swallowing') The worst problem with _EM(m4) is that some versions of it "swallow" key words that it recognises, such as "include", "format", "divert", "file", "gnu", "line", "regexp", "shift", "unix", "builtin" and "define". You can protect these words by putting them in _EM(m4) quotes, for example: _CODEQUOTE(``Smart people `include' Linux in their list of computer essentials.'') The trouble is, this is a royal pain to do - and you're likely to forget which words need protecting. Another, safer way to protect keywords (my preference) is to invoke _EM(m4) with the _CODE(-P) or _CODE(--prefix-builtins) option. Then, all builtin macro names are modified so they all start with the prefix _CODE(m4_) and ordinary words are left alone. For example, using this option, one should write _CODE(m4_define) instead of _CODE(``define'') (as shown in the examples in this article). The only trouble is that not all versions of _EM(m4) support this option - notably some PC versions under M$-DOS. Maybe that's just another reason to steer clear of hack code on M$-DOS and stay with _EM(Linux!) _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) m4_define(`_GOTCHA', m4_incr(_GOTCHA)) _H2(`Gotcha _GOTCHA - Comments') Comments in _EM(m4) are introduced with the `#' character - everything from the `#' to the end of the line is ignored by _EM(m4) and simply passed unchanged to the output. If you want to use `#' in the HTML page then you would need to quote it like this - ``#''. Another option (my preference) is to change the _EM(m4) comment character to something exotic like this: _CODE(``m4_changecom(`[[[[')'') and not have to worry about ``#'' symbols in your text. If you want to use comments in the _EM(m4) file which do not appear in the final HTML file, then the macro _CODE(``m4_dnl'') (dnl = _STRONG(D)elete to _STRONG(N)ew _STRONG(L)ine) is for you. This suppresses everything until the next newline. _CODEQUOTE(``m4_define(_NEWMACRO, `foo bar') m4_dnl This is a comment'') Yet another way to have source code ignored is the _CODE(``m4_divert'') command. The main purpose of _CODE(``m4_divert'') is to save text in a temporary buffer for inclusion in the file later on - for example, in building a table of contents or index. However, if you divert to "-1" it just goes to limbo-land. This is useful for getting rid of the whitespace generated by the _CODE(``m4_define'') command, e.g.: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_divert(-1) diversion on m4_define(this ...) m4_define(that ...) m4_divert diversion turned off'') _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) m4_define(`_GOTCHA', m4_incr(_GOTCHA)) _H2(`Gotcha _GOTCHA - Debugging') Another tip for when things go wrong is to increase the amount of error diagnostics that _EM(m4) emits. The easiest way to do this is to add the following to your _EM(m4) file as debugging commands: _CODEQUOTE(``m4_debugmode(e) m4_traceon . . buggy lines . . m4_traceoff'') _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H1(`Conclusion') "ah ha!", I hear you say. "HTML 3.0 already has an include statement". Yes it has, and it looks like this: _CODEQUOTE(``'') The problem is that: <UL> <LI> The work of including and interpreting the include is done on the server-side before downloading and adds a big overhead as the server has to scan files for ``include'' statements. <LI> Consequently most servers (especially public ISP's) deactivate this feature. <LI> ``include'' is all you get - no macro substitution, no parameters to macros, no ifdef, etc, etc. </UL> There are several other features of _EM(m4) that I have not yet exploited in my HTML ramblings so far, such as regular expressions and doubtless many others. It might be interesting to create a "standard" _CODE(stdlib.m4) for general use with nice macros for general text processing and HTML functions. By all means download my version of _CODE(stdlib.m4) as a base for your own hacking. I would be interested in hearing of useful macros and if there is enough interest, maybe a Mini-HOWTO could evolve from this paper. There are many additional advantages in using _EM(Linux) to develop HTML pages, far beyond the simple assistance given by the typical _EM(Typing Aids) and _EM(WYSIWYG) tools. Certainly, this little hacker will go on using _EM(m4) until HTML catches up - I will then do my last _EM(make) and drop back to using pure HTML. I hope you enjoy these little tricks and encourage you to contribute your own. Happy hacking! _H1(`Files to download') You can get the HTML and the _EM(m4) source code for this article here (for the sake of completeness, they're copylefted under GPL 2): _PRE(_FTP(using_m4.html, using_m4.html) :this file _FTP(using_m4.m4, using_m4.m4) :_EM(m4) source _FTP(stdlib.m4, stdlib.m4) :Include file _FTP(makefile, makefile)) _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _H1(`Bob Hepple') _EMAILME(Bob Hepple) has been hacking at Unix since 1981 under a variety of excuses and has somehow been paid for it at least some of the time. It's allowed him to pursue another interest - living in warm, exotic countries including Hong Kong, Australia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Lesotho and Singapore. His initial aversion to the cold was learned in the UK. Ambition - to stop working for the credit card company and taxman and to get a real job - doing this, of course! _LINK_TO_LABEL(Contents) _COUNTER(5, `since March 18th 1998') <HR> This page last updated on m4_esyscmd(date) <ADDRESS> _CREDITS _PLUG </ADDRESS> </BODY> </HTML> _End_TOC m4_divert(-1)